Moral uncertainty: A case study of Covid-19

Background: Most writing about uncertainty in healthcare has addressed empirical uncertainty – that is, resulting from insufficient or conflicting facts. Objective: To consider moral uncertainty by exploring how different theories apply to a single clinical case. Method: In this philosophical reflection, I briefly acknowledge empirical uncertainty before introducing and exploring the topic of moral uncertainty – defined as the question of what to do when we do not know what (morally) to do—using a case study of my own mother's deterioration and death from Covid-19. Results: I identify and apply a number of philosophical theories relevant to managing moral uncertainty, including utilitarianism, deontology, practical rationality and feminist philosophy. Conclusion: Different moral theories lead to different conclusions about the best course of action in situations of moral uncertainty. Practice implications: Detailed analysis and close reading of a single case can provide insights into how to act in morally complex situations, but learning is in the form of enriched understanding, not formulaic rules.