Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990–2023, and its attributable risk factors: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Mark PB., Stafford LK., Grams ME., Aalruz H., Abd ElHafeez S., Abdelgalil AA., Abdulkader RS., Abeywickrama HM., Abiodun OO., Abramov D., Abrar MM., Abreu LG., Abubakar B., Aburuz S., Addo IY., Adegboye OA., Adegoke NA., Adeyeoluwa TE., Adnani QES., Ahinkorah BO., Ahmad S., Ahmad K., Ahmadi A., Ahmadzade AM., Ahmed A., Ahmed AM., Ahmed N., Ahmed S., Ahmed SA., Ajami M., Akbari M., Akeju O., Akkaif MA., Al Awaidy S., Al Hamad H., Al Hasan SM., Al Thaher Y., Al-Aly Z., Al-Ashwal FY., Albashtawy M., Aleidi SM., Alfalki AM., Alhalaiqa FN., Alhasan KA., Ali EA., Ali R., Ali SS., Ali SY., Al-Jabi SW., Allouh MZ., Almagharbeh WT., Almidani O., Alnawafleh KA., Alshahrani NZ., Altaf A., Alvis-Guzman N., Al-Worafi YM., Alzoubi KH., Al-Zubairi AS., Aman Mohammadi M., Amu H., Anagnostakis F., Anil A., Anyasodor AE., Apostol GLC., Appati W., Araromi SO., Aravkin AY., Ärnlöv J., Arockiaraj J., Asiamah-Asare BKY., Asri Y., Assaye AM., Atout MMDW., Aurangzeb K., Awotidebe AW., Aziz SA., Azzolino D., Badar M., Bakhshali MA., Ballew SH., Baltatu OC., Banach M., Bardhan M., Barqawi HJ., Bashar MA., Bashir S., Bastan MM., Basu S., Bedi N., Belay BM., Belew MA., Bello AK., Belo L., Bermudez ANC., Bhagavathula AS., Bhaskar S., Bhat AN., Bhattacharjee P., Bhatti JS.
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and ranks among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. This analysis aimed to present global CKD estimates using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 to inform evidence-based policies for CKD identification and treatment. Methods This analysis focused on adults aged 20 years and older over the period 1990 to 2023, from 204 countries and territories. Data sources used were published literature, vital registration systems, kidney failure treatment registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden, including deaths, incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool. A comparative risk assessment approach estimated the proportion of cardiovascular deaths attributable to impaired kidney function and estimated risk factors for CKD. Findings Globally, in 2023, 788 million (95% uncertainty interval 743–843) people aged 20 years and older were estimated to have CKD, up from 378 million (354–407) in 1990. The global age-standardised prevalence of CKD in adults was 14·2% (13·4–15·2), a relative rise of 3·5% (2·7–4·1) from 1990. The region with the highest age-standardised prevalence was north Africa and the Middle East (18·0%; 16·9–19·4). Most people had stage 1–3 CKD, with a combined prevalence of 13·9% (13·1–15·0). In 2023, CKD was the ninth leading cause of death globally, accounting for 1·48 million (1·30–1·65) deaths, and the 12th leading cause of DALYs, with an age-standardised DALY rate of 769·2 (691·8–857·4) per 100 000. Impaired kidney function as a risk factor accounted for 11·5% (8·4–14·5) of cardiovascular deaths. High fasting plasma glucose, body-mass index, and systolic blood pressure were all leading risk factors for CKD DALYs. Interpretation CKD is a major global health issue, with rising prevalence and increasing importance as a cause of death and as a risk factor for cardiovascular death. A better understating of aetiology, appropriate screening, and implementation programmes are needed to translate advances in CKD treatment into improved patient outcomes. Funding Gates Foundation, Wellcome, US National Kidney Foundation, and US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.