Academic publications from the Remote by Default 2 study

Study protocol and baseline findings

Protocol: Remote care as the ‘new normal’? Multi-site case study in UK general practice

Greenhalgh T. et al, (2022)

Protocol: How can people with social care needs be supported through processes of digital care navigation to access remote primary care? A multi-site case study in UK general practice of remote care as the ‘new normal’.

Hughes G. et al, (2023), NIHR Open Research, 3

Remote care in UK general practice: baseline data on 11 case studies

Greenhalgh T. et al, (2022), NIHR Open Research, 2

Final study Findings

er the disruptive innovation: How remote and digital services were embedded, blended and abandoned in UK general practice - longitudinal study

Greenhalgh T. et al, (2025), Health and Social Care Delivery Research, 13, 1 - 37

Synoptic paper

Remote and digital services in UK general practice 2021-2023: the Remote by Default 2 longitudinal qualitative study synopsis

Greenhalgh T. et al, (2025), Health and Social Care Delivery Research, 13, 1 - 49

Findings on Theme 1: Access and equity

ccess and triage in contemporary general practice: A novel theory of digital candidacy

Dakin FH. et al, (2024), Social Science and Medicine, 349

Developing user personas to capture intersecting dimensions of disadvantage in older patients who are marginalised: a qualitative study

Husain L. et al, (2024), British Journal of General Practice, 74, e250 - e257

The reflexive imperative in the digital age: Using Archer’s ‘fractured reflexivity’ to theorise widening inequities in UK general practice

Rybczynska-Bunt S. et al, (2024), Sociology of Health and Illness, 46, 1772 - 1791

Virtual Care and the Inverse Care Law: Implications for Policy, Practice, Research, Public and Patients

Alami H. et al, (2022), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19

Desperately Seeking the Intersectionality in Digital Health Disparities Research: Towards a Richer Theorisation of Multiple Disadvantage (Preprint)

Husain L. et al, (2022)

Findings on Theme 2: Quality and safety

Patient safety in remote primary care encounters: Multimethod qualitative study combining Safety i and Safety II analysis

Payne R. et al, (2024), BMJ Quality and Safety, 33, 573 - 586

Challenges to quality in contemporary, hybrid general practice: a multi-site longitudinal case study

Payne R. et al, (2025), British Journal of General Practice, 75, e1 - e11

Making remote healthcare safer

Greenhalgh T. et al, (2024), International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 36

How to make remote consultations safer

Saul H. et al, (2025), BMJ

Findings on Theme 3: Continuity

contemporary ontology of continuity in general practice: Capturing its multiple essences in a digital age

Ladds E. et al, (2023), Social Science and Medicine, 332

Modernising continuity: A new conceptual framework

Ladds E. and Greenhalgh T., (2023), British Journal of General Practice, 73, 246 - 248

er the teleconsultation: getting medicines to patients when pharmacy services are not available

Payne R. et al, (2024), British Journal of General Practice, 74, 422 - 425

Findings on Theme 4: Staff training, well-being and techno-stress

Training needs for staff providing remote services in general practice: a mixed-methods study

Greenhalgh T. et al, (2024), British Journal of General Practice, 74, e17 - e26

Technostress, technosuffering, and relational strain: a multi-method qualitative study of how remote and digital work affects staff in UK general practice

Dakin FH. et al, (2025), British Journal of General Practice, 75, e211 - e221

Supporting your support staff during crises: recommendations for practice leaders to develop a relational workplace

Dakin F. et al, (2023), BMJ Leader, 7

Remote consulting

Payne R. et al, (2025), InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice, 18, 527 - 533

Teaching patient safety in remote consulting

King K. and Payne R., (2025), Education for Primary Care, 36, 2 - 5

Findings on Theme 5: Strategic and organisational issues

Digital maturity: towards a strategic approach

Greenhalgh T. and Payne R., (2025), British Journal of General Practice, 75, 200 - 202

‘A tool for every job’: use of video in urgent primary care

Kirk UB. et al, (2024), British Journal of General Practice, 74, 443 - 444

The place of remote consultation in modern general practice

Payne R. and Dakin F., (2024), British Journal of General Practice, 74, 7 - 8

Findings on Theme 6: Environmental and system issues

The ‘wrong pocket’ problem as a barrier to the integration of telehealth in health organisations and systems

Alami H. et al, (2023), Digital Health, 9

er the teleconsultation: getting medicines to patients when pharmacy services are not available

Payne R. et al, (2024), British Journal of General Practice, 74, 422 - 425

n urgent call for the environmental sustainability of health systems: A ‘sextuple aim’ to care for patients, costs, providers, population equity and the planet

Alami H. et al, (2023), International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 38, 289 - 295

To What Extent Can Digital Health Technologies Comply With the Principles of Responsible Innovation? Practice-and Policy-Oriented Research Insights Regarding an Organisational and Systemic Issue

Alami H. et al, (2024), International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 13

Findings on Theme 7: Media depictions of remote general practice

Media depictions of primary care teleconsultation safety: a thematic analysis of UK newspapers

Song K. et al, (2024), British Journal of General Practice, 74, e695 - e701

Blogs and press releases (Nuffield trust)

Press release (Nuffield Trust): Overhaul of training needed to support general practice staff to provide remote health care.

Press release (Nuffield Trust): Clinicians, practices, and patients all have a part to play in dealing with risks of remote consulting, new study reveals

Rosen R, Leone C. Getting the best out of remote consulting in general practice – practical challenges and policy opportunities.

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